Petri网行为方面论文

摘要

[1] Behavioral service substitution (2014)

(Stahl, Christian and Van Der Aalst | )

Abstract: Service-oriented design supports system evolution and encourages reuse and modularization. A key ingredient of service orientation is the ability to substitute one service by another without reconfiguring the overall system. This chapter aims to give an overview of the state of the art and open challenges in the area of service substitution. Thereby, we restrict ourselves to changes of the service behavior. We present a formal model of service behavior, formalize service substitution, study algorithms to decide service substitution, and provide rules to construct services that are correct by design. Beside analysis at design time, we also investigate analysis at runtime, where we measure the deviation of a running service (or collection of services) from its specification based on recorded event data (e.g., message or transaction logs).

摘要： 面向服务的设计支持系统演进，并鼓励重用和模块化。面向服务的关键要素是能够在不重新配置整个系统的情况下将一项服务替换为另一项服务的能力。本章旨在概述服务替代领域的最新技术和未解决的挑战。因此，我们将自己限制在服务行为的变化上。我们提出了服务行为的正式模型，正式化了服务替代，研究了决定服务替代的算法，并提供了规则来构造设计正确的服务。除了在设计时进行分析之外，我们还研究运行时的分析，在该分析中，我们根据记录的事件数据（例如消息或事务日志）来衡量正在运行的服务（或服务集合）与其规格的偏差。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-1-4614-7518-7_9]

[2] A Dynamic Approach to Estimate Change Impact using Type of Change Propagation (2010)

(Gupta, Chetna and Singh, Yogesh and Chauhan, Durg Singh | Journal of Information Processing Systems)

Abstract: 软件演化是一个不断进行的过程，其目的是扩展基础应用程序，以添加新功能或使软件适应不断变化的环境。这就需要评估和确定软件系统变更的总体影响。在过去的几十年中，已经开发了许多这样的变更/影响分析技术，以识别对软件系统进行变更的后果。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的评估变化/影响分析的方法，即根据变化分类的类型对变化进行分类，例如(a)变化的性质和(b)变化传播的程度。所产生的影响集包括两个方面的信息:(a)受变化传播影响的语句和(b)百分比，即每一类中受影响的语句，并涉及整个系统。我们还提出了一种对变化类型进行分类的算法。为了建立对有效性和效率的信心，我们通过一个例子来说明这种技术。我们的分析结果很有希望实现所提议的提高变更分类的目标。所提出的评估影响集及其影响百分比的动态技术将帮助软件维护者通过分析影响集关于变更的性质和变更依赖关系，来执行选择性回归测试。

摘要： 软件演进是一个不断进行的过程，其目的是扩展基础应用程序，以添加新功能或使软件适应不断变化的环境。这就需要评估和确定软件系统变更的总体影响。在过去的几十年中年中，已经开发了许多这样的变更/影响分析技术，以识别对软件系统进行变更的后果。在这里，我们提出了一种新的评估变化/影响分析的方法，即根据变化分类的类型对变化进行分类，例如（a）变化的性质和（b）变化传播的程度。所产生的影响集包括两个方面的信息：（a）受变化变化影响的语句和（b）百分比，即每一类中受影响的语句，并涉及整个系统。我们还提出了一种对变化类型进行分类的算法。为了建立对有效性和效率的信心，我们通过一个例子来说明这种技术。结果很有希望实现所期望的改善的变更分类的目标。所提出的评估影响集及其影响百分比的动态技术将帮助软件维护者通过分析影响集关于变更的性质和变更依赖关系，来执行选择性回归测试。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.3745/jips.2010.6.4.597]

[3] Achieving high and consistent rendering performance of java AWT/Swing on multiple platforms (2009)

(Wang, Yi Hsien and Wu, I. Chen | Software - Practice and Experience)

Abstract: Wang et al. (Softw. Pract. Exper. 2007; 37(7):727-745) observed a phenomenon of performance inconsistency in the graphics of Java Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)/Swing among different Java runtime environments (JREs) on Windows XP. This phenomenon makes it difficult to predict the performance of Java game applications. Therefore, they proposed a portable AWT/Swing architecture, called CYC Window Toolkit (CWT), to provide programmers with high and consistent rendering performance for Java game development among different JREs. They implemented a DirectX version to demonstrate the feasibility of the architecture. This paper extends the above research to other environments in two aspects. First, we evaluate the rendering performance of the original Java AWT with different combinations of JREs, image application programming interfaces, system properties and operating systems (OSs), including Windows XP, Windows Vista, Fedora and Mac OS X. The evaluation results indicate that the performance inconsistency of Java AWT also exists among the four OSs, even if the same hardware configuration is used. Second, we design an OpenGL version of CWT, named CWT-GL, to take advantage of modern 3D graphics cards, and compare the rendering performance of CWT with Java AWT/Swing. The results show that CWT-GL achieves more consistent and higher rendering performance in JREs 1.4to 1.6 on the four OSs. The results also hint at two approaches: (a) decouple the rendering pipelines of Java AWT/Swing from the JREs for faster upgrading and supporting old JREs and (b) use other graphics libraries, such as CWT, instead of Java AWT/Swing to develop cross-platform Java games with higher and more consistent rendering performance textcopyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

摘要： Wang等。（Softw。Pract。Exper。2007; 37（7）：727-745）在Windows XP上的不同Java运行时环境（JRE）之间的Java抽象窗口工具包（AWT）/ Swing的图形中观察到了性能不一致的现象。这种现象使得很难预测Java游戏应用程序的性能。因此，他们提出了一种称为CYC Window Toolkit（CWT）的可移植AWT / Swing体系结构，以为程序员在不同JRE之间进行Java游戏开发提供高且一致的渲染性能。他们实施了DirectX版本以演示该体系结构的可行性。本文从两个方面将上述研究扩展到其他环境。首先，我们使用JRE，图像应用程序编程接口，系统属性和操作系统（包括Windows XP，Windows Vista，Fedora和Mac OS X）的不同组合来评估原始Java AWT的渲染性能。评估结果表明：即使使用相同的硬件配置，四个操作系统之间也存在Java AWT的性能不一致。其次，我们设计一个名为CWT-GL的OpenGL版本的CWT，以利用现代3D图形卡的优势，并将CWT与Java AWT / Swing的渲染性能进行比较。结果表明，在四个OS上的JRE 1.4至1.6中，CWT-GL实现了更一致和更高的渲染性能。结果还暗示了两种方法：（a）将Java AWT / Swing的呈现管道与JRE分离，以便更快地升级并支持旧的JRE；（b）使用其他图形库（例如CWT）代替Java AWT / Swing来实现。开发具有更高和更一致的渲染性能的跨平台Java游戏 textcopyright 2009 John Wiley ＆ Sons，Ltd.

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1002/spe]

[4] Action patterns in business process model repositories (2012)

(Smirnov, Sergey and Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias | Computers in Industry)

Abstract: Business process models are extensively used in companies to document and improve business operations. In essence, there are two major challenges. The increasing number of staff with little modeling expertise involved in model design requires new concepts for quality assurance. Moreover, the huge number of process models typically maintained in a model repository impedes extraction of general process knowledge, which can be used for assistance. This article investigates action patterns as a means to address these challenges. Action patterns capture chunks of actions often appearing together in business processes. We formalize the action pattern concept, including several types of behavioral connection, different abstraction levels, and varying action sensitivity to business objects. Our concepts are evaluated based on a prototypical implementation, which we use to extract various types of action patterns from two industrial process model collections. The results demonstrate that action patterns occurring in different application domains can be discovered. textcopyright 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： 业务流程模型在公司中广泛用于记录和改进业务运营。从本质上讲，存在两个主要挑战。越来越多的人员参与模型设计时，几乎没有模型专业知识，因此需要新的概念来保证质量。此外，通常在模型库中维护的大量过程模型阻碍了对常规过程知识的提取，而这些知识可用于帮助。本文研究了行动模式，以应对这些挑战。动作模式捕获通常在业务流程中一起出现的动作块。我们对操作模式概念进行形式化，包括几种类型的行为连接，不同的抽象级别以及对业务对象的不同操作敏感性。我们的概念是根据原型实现进行评估的，该实现用于从两个工业过程模型集合中提取各种类型的操作模式。结果表明可以发现在不同应用程序域中发生的操作模式。 textcopyright 2011 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.compind.2011.11.001]

[5] Action patterns in business process model repositories (2012)

(Smirnov, Sergey and Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias | Computers in Industry)

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.compind.2011.11.001]

[6] Aligning business process models (2009)

(Dijkman, Remco and Dumas, Marlon and Garcia-Ba~nuelos, Luciano and Kaarik, Reina | Proceedings - 13th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, EDOC 2009)

Abstract: This paper studies the following problem: given a pair of business process models, determine which elements in one model are related to which elements in the other model. This problem arises in the context of merging different versions or variants of a business process model or when comparing business process models in order to display their similarities and differences. The paper investigates two approaches to this alignment problem: one based purely on lexical matching of pairs of elements and another based on error-correcting graph matching. Using a set of models taken from real-life scenarios, the paper empirically shows that graph matching techniques yield a significantly higher precision than pure lexical matching, while achieving comparable recall. textcopyright 2009 IEEE.

摘要： 本文研究以下问题：给定一对业务流程模型，确定一个模型中的哪些元素与另一模型中的哪些元素相关。在合并业务流程模型的不同版本或变体的上下文中，或者在比较业务流程模型以显示其相似性和差异时，会出现此问题。本文研究了解决此对齐问题的两种方法：一种完全基于元素对的词汇匹配，另一种基于纠错图匹配。通过使用一组来自现实生活场景的模型，该论文从经验上表明，图匹配技术比纯词汇匹配具有更高的精度，同时可实现相当的召回率。 textcopyright 2009 IEEE。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1109/EDOC.2009.11]

[7] Behavioral consistency for B2B process integration (2007)

(Decker, Gero and Weske, Mathias | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: Interacting services are at the center of attention in business-to-business (B2B) process integration scenarios. Global interaction models specify the interaction behavior of each service and serve as contractual basis for the collaboration. Consequently, service implementations have to be consistent with the specifications. Consistency checking ensures that an implemented service is compatible with other services, i.e. that it can interact successfully with them. This is important in order to avoid deadlocks and guarantee proper termination of a collaboration. Different notions of compatibility between interacting services and consistency between specification and implementation are available but they are typically discussed independently from each other. This paper presents a unifying framework for compatibility and consistency and shows how these two notions relate to one another. Criteria for an optimal consistency relation with respect to a given compatibility relation are presented. Based on these criteria weak bi-simulation is evaluated. textcopyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.

摘要： 交互服务是企业对企业（B2B）流程集成方案中的关注焦点。全局交互模型指定每个服务的交互行为，并充当协作的合同基础。因此，服务实现必须与规范保持一致。一致性检查可确保已实现的服务与其他服务兼容，即可以与其他服务成功交互。这对于避免死锁并确保适当终止协作非常重要。可以使用交互服务之间的兼容性以及规范和实现之间的一致性的不同概念，但是通常会相互独立地进行讨论。本文为兼容性和一致性提供了一个统一的框架，并展示了这两个概念如何相互关联。给出了关于给定兼容性关系的最佳一致性关系的标准。基于这些标准，对弱双向仿真进行了评估。 textcopyright Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2007。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-540-72988-4_7]

[8] Behavioral similarity - A proper metric (2011)

(Kunze, Matthias and Weidlich, Matthias and Weske, Mathias | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: With the increasing influence of Business Process Management, large process model repositories emerged in enterprises and public administrations. Their effective utilization requires meaningful and efficient capabilities to search for models that go beyond text based search or folder navigation, e.g., by similarity. Existing measures for process model similarity are often not applicable for efficient similarity search, as they lack metric features. In this paper, we introduce a proper metric to quantify process similarity based on behavioral profiles. It is grounded in the Jaccard coefficient and leverages behavioral relations between pairs of process model activities. The metric is successfully evaluated towards its approximation of human similarity assessment. textcopyright 2011 Springer-Verlag.

摘要： 随着业务流程管理的影响越来越大，大型流程模型存储库出现在企业和公共管理部门中。它们的有效利用要求有意义和有效的能力来搜索模型，该模型超越了基于文本的搜索或文件夹导航，例如通过相似性。现有的过程模型相似性度量通常不适用于有效的相似性搜索，因为它们缺乏度量标准特征。在本文中，我们介绍了一种适当的指标，用于基于行为概况来量化过程相似性。它基于Jaccard系数，并利用了成对的流程模型活动之间的行为关系。该指标已成功评估，接近了人类相似性评估。 textcopyright 2011 Springer-Verlag。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-642-23059-2_15]

[9] Behaviour equivalence and compatibility of business process models with complex correspondences (2012)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Dijkman, Remco and Weske, Mathias | Computer Journal)

Abstract: Once multiple models of a business process are created for different purposes or to capture different variants, verification of behaviour equivalence or compatibility is needed. Equivalence verification ensures that two business process models specify the same behaviour. Since different process models are likely to differ with respect to their assumed level of abstraction and the actions that they take into account, equivalence notions have to cope with correspondences between sets of actions and actions that exist in one process but not in the other. In this paper, we present notions of equivalence and compatibility that can handle these problems. In essence, we present a notion of equivalence that works on correspondences between sets of actions rather than single actions. We then integrate our equivalence notion with work on behaviour inheritance that copes with actions that exist in one process but not in the other, leading to notions of behaviour compatibility. Compatibility notions verify that two models have the same behaviour with respect to the actions that they have in common. As such, our contribution is a collection of behaviour equivalence and compatibility notions that are applicable in more general settings than existing ones. textcopyright 2012 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Computer Society.

摘要： 一旦出于不同目的或捕获不同变体而创建了业务流程的多个模型，就需要对行为等效性或兼容性进行验证。等效性验证可确保两个业务流程模型指定相同的行为。由于不同的过程模型可能在假定的抽象级别和考虑到的操作方面有所不同，因此等效概念必须处理一个过程中存在但另一过程中不存在的一组动作和动作之间的对应关系。在本文中，我们提出了可以解决这些问题的等效性和兼容性的概念。从本质上讲，我们提出了一个等效概念，该等效概念适用于一组动作之间的对应关系，而不是单个动作。然后，我们将等价概念与行为继承方面的工作相结合，以处理一个过程中存在但另一个过程中不存在的行为，从而产生行为兼容性的概念。兼容性概念验证了两个模型在它们共同的行为方面具有相同的行为。因此，我们的贡献是行为等效性和兼容性概念的集合，这些行为等效性和兼容性概念适用于比现有条件更通用的设置。 textcopyright 2012作者。牛津大学出版社代表英国计算机协会出版。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1093/comjnl/bxs014]

[10] Business process model abstraction based on behavioral profiles (2010)

(Smirnov, Sergey and Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: A variety of drivers for process modeling efforts, from low-level service orchestration to high-level decision support, results in many process models describing one business process. Depending on the modeling purpose, these models differ with respect to the model granularity. Business process model abstraction (BPMA) emerged as a technique that given a process model delivers a high-level process representation containing more coarse-grained activities and overall ordering constraints between them. Thereby, BPMA reduces the number of models capturing the same business process on different abstraction levels. In this paper, we present an abstraction approach that derives control flow dependencies for activities of an abstract model, once the groups of related activities are selected for aggregation. In contrast to the existing work, we allow for arbitrary activity groupings. To this end, we employ the behavioral profile notion that captures behavioral characteristics of a process model. Based on the original model and the activity grouping, we compute a new behavioral profile used for synthesis of the abstract process model. textcopyright 2010 Springer-Verlag.

摘要： 从低级服务编排到高级决策支持的各种流程建模工作的驱动程序，会导致许多流程模型描述一个业务流程。根据建模目的，这些模型在模型粒度方面有所不同。业务流程模型抽象（BPMA）作为一种技术出现，给定的流程模型提供了高级流程表示，其中包含更多的粗粒度活动以及它们之间的总体排序约束。因此，BPMA减少了在不同抽象级别上捕获相同业务流程的模型的数量。在本文中，我们提出了一种抽象方法，一旦选择了相关活动的集合进行聚合，就可以为抽象模型的活动导出控制流依赖性。与现有工作相反，我们允许任意的活动分组。为此，我们采用了行为配置文件概念来捕获流程模型的行为特征。基于原始模型和活动分组，我们计算出用于抽象过程模型综合的新行为配置文件。 textcopyright 2010年Springer-Verlag。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-642-17358-5_1]

[11] Business process model abstraction based on synthesis from well-structured behavioral profiles (2012)

(Smirnov, Sergey and Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan | International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems)

Abstract: There are several motives for creating process models ranging from technical scenarios in workflow automation to business scenarios in which management decisions are taken. As a consequence, companies typically have different process models for the same process, which differ in terms of granularity. In this context, business process model abstraction serves as a technique that takes a process model as an input and derives a high-level model with coarse-grained activities and the corresponding control flow between them. In this way, business process model abstraction reduces the number of models capturing the same business process on different abstraction levels. In this article, we provide a solution to the problem of deriving the control flow of an abstract process model for the case that an arbitrary grouping of activities is permitted. To this end, we use behavioral profiles and prove that the soundness of the synthesized process model requires a notion of well-structuredness of the abstract model behavioral profile. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the activities can be grouped according to the data flow of the model in a meaningful way, and that this grouping does not directly coincides with a structural decomposition of the process, which is generally assumed by other abstraction approaches. This finding emphasizes the need for handling arbitrary activity groupings in business process model abstraction. textcopyright 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company.

摘要： 创建流程模型的动机多种多样，从工作流程自动化中的技术方案到制定管理决策的业务方案。因此，公司通常针对同一流程具有不同的流程模型，这些模型在粒度方面有所不同。在这种情况下，业务流程模型抽象是一种将流程模型作为输入，并导出具有粗粒度活动及其之间相应控制流的高级模型的技术。这样，业务流程模型抽象减少了在不同抽象级别捕获同一业务流程的模型的数量。在本文中，我们为允许活动的任意分组的情况提供了一个抽象过程模型的控制流的问题的解决方案。为此，我们使用行为概况，并证明综合过程模型的健全性需要抽象模型行为概况的结构良好的概念。此外，我们证明可以按照有意义的方式根据模型的数据流对活动进行分组，并且这种分组与流程的结构分解不直接相符，通常由其他抽象方法假定。这一发现强调了在业务流程模型抽象中处理任意活动分组的必要性。 textcopyright 2012年世界科学出版公司。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1142/S0218843012400035]

[12] Business process model abstraction based on synthesis from well-structured behavioral profiles (2012)

(Smirnov, Sergey and Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan | International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems)

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1142/S0218843012400035]

[13] Causal behavioural profiles - Efficient computation, applications, and evaluation (2011)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Polyvyanyy, Artem and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias | Fundamenta Informaticae)

Abstract: Analysis of behavioural consistency is an important aspect of software engineering. In process and service management, consistency verification of behavioural models has manifold applications. For instance, a business process model used as system specification and a corresponding workflow model used as implementation have to be consistent. Another example would be the analysis to what degree a process log of executed business operations is consistent with the corresponding normative process model. Typically, existing notions of behaviour equivalence, such as bisimulation and trace equivalence, are applied as consistency notions. Still, these notions are exponential in computation and yield a Boolean result. In many cases, however, a quantification of behavioural deviation is needed along with concepts to isolate the source of deviation. In this article, we propose causal behavioural profiles as the basis for a consistency notion. These profiles capture essential behavioural information, such as order, exclusiveness, and causality between pairs of activities of a process model. Consistency based on these profiles is weaker than trace equivalence, but can be computed efficiently for a broad class of models. In this article, we introduce techniques for the computation of causal behavioural profiles using structural decomposition techniques for sound free-choice workflow systems if unstructured net fragments are acyclic or can be traced back to S- or T-nets. We also elaborate on the findings of applying our technique to three industry model collections.

摘要： 行为一致性分析是软件工程的重要方面。在流程和服务管理中，行为模型的一致性验证具有多种应用。例如，用作系统规范的业务流程模型和用作实现的相应工作流模型必须保持一致。另一个例子是分析已执行的业务操作的过程日志在多大程度上与相应的规范过程模型相一致。通常，将行为等效性的现有概念（例如双仿真和跟踪等效性）用作一致性概念。但是，这些概念在计算中是指数级的，并产生布尔结果。但是，在许多情况下，需要对行为偏差进行量化，并提供一些概念来隔离偏差源。在本文中，我们提出因果行为特征作为一致性概念的基础。这些配置文件捕获基本的行为信息，例如流程模型的成对活动之间的顺序，排他性和因果关系。基于这些配置文件的一致性要弱于跟踪等效性，但是可以针对多种模型进行有效计算。在本文中，我们介绍了使用无声选择工作流系统的结构分解技术来计算因果行为分布的技术，前提是非结构化的网络片段是无环的，或者可以追溯到S网络或T网络。我们还详细介绍了将我们的技术应用于三个行业模型集合的发现。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.3233/FI-2011-614]

[14] Change patterns and change support features - Enhancing flexibility in process-aware information systems (2008)

(Weber, Barbara and Reichert, Manfred and Rinderle-Ma, Stefanie | Data and Knowledge Engineering)

Abstract: Companies increasingly adopt process-aware information systems (PAISs), which offer promising perspectives for more flexible enterprise computing. The emergence of different process support paradigms and the lack of methods for comparing existing approaches enabling PAIS changes have made the selection of adequate process management technology difficult. This paper suggests a set of 18 change patterns and seven change support features to foster the systematic comparison of existing process management technology in respect to process change support. While the proposed patterns are all based on empirical evidence from several large case studies, the suggested change support features constitute typical functionalities provided by flexible PAISs. Based on the proposed change patterns and features, we provide a detailed analysis and evaluation of selected approaches from both academia and industry. The presented work will not only facilitate the selection of technologies for realizing flexible PAISs, but can also be used as a reference for implementing flexible PAISs. textcopyright 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： 公司越来越多地采用过程感知信息系统（PAIS），该系统为更灵活的企业计算提供了广阔的前景。出现了不同的过程支持范例，并且缺乏用于比较支持PAIS更改的现有方法的方法，这使得选择适当的过程管理技术变得困难。本文提出了一组18种变更模式和7种变更支持功能，以促进对现有过程管理技术进行过程变更支持的系统比较。尽管所提出的模式都是基于一些大型案例研究的经验证据，但所提出的变更支持功能却构成了灵活的PAIS提供的典型功能。基于提出的变更模式和功能，我们对学术界和行业中选定的方法进行了详细的分析和评估。提出的工作不仅将有助于选择用于实现灵活PAIS的技术，而且还可以用作实现灵活PAIS的参考。 textcopyright 2008 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.datak.2008.05.001]

[15] Change propagation in process models using behavioural profiles (2009)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Weske, Mathias and Mendling, Jan | SCC 2009 - 2009 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing)

Abstract: Business process change is at the very core of business process management, which aims at enabling flexible adaptation to changing business needs. However, the wide variety of drivers for business process modelling initiatives, reaching from business evolution to process enactment, results in multiple models that overlap in content due to serving different purposes. That, in turn, imposes serious challenges for the propagation of changes between these process models. Given a change in one model, this paper introduces an approach to determine a change region in another model by exploiting the behavioural profile of corresponding activities. It, therefore, supports the process of change propagation and eases the synchronisation of process models significantly. As a major contribution, our approach can handle changes in pairs of models, even if they are not defined in terms of a hierarchical refinement. textcopyright 2009 IEEE.

摘要： 业务流程更改是业务流程管理的核心，其目的是使灵活性能够适应不断变化的业务需求。但是，从业务发展到流程制定的各种业务流程建模计划动因会导致多个模型由于服务目的不同而在内容上重叠。反过来，这给这些过程模型之间的更改传播带来了严峻的挑战。给定一个模型的变化，本文介绍了一种通过利用相应活动的行为特征来确定另一个模型的变化区域的方法。因此，它支持变更传播的过程，并显着简化了过程模型的同步。作为一项重大贡献，即使未按层次结构改进定义，我们的方法也可以处理成对的模型更改。 textcopyright 2009 IEEE。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1109/SCC.2009.58]

[16] Consistency between executable and abstract processes (2005)

(Martens, Axel | Proceedings - 2005 IEEE International Conference on e-Technology, e-Commerce and e-Service, EEE-05)

Abstract: Process models play an all-important role in the development of cross-organizational business processes. On the one hand, the interaction between the participating companies often is specified globally, for example by means of multiple abstract process models - one for each partner. On the other hand, each partner defines its local process autonomously in terms of an executable process model The important question is whether such an executable model is consistent to the predefined abstract model. This paper describes an approach to prow this property automatically. textcopyright 2005 IEEE.

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1109/EEE.2005.53]

[17] Correctness criteria for dynamic changes in workflow systems - A survey (2004)

(Rinderle, Stefanie and Reichert, Manfred and Dadam, Peter | Data and Knowledge Engineering)

Abstract: The capability to dynamically adapt in-progress workflows (WF) is an essential requirement for any workflow management system (WfMS). This fact has been recognized by the WF community for a long time and different approaches in the area of adaptive workflows have been developed so far. This survey systematically classifies these approaches and discusses their strengths and limitations along typical problems related to dynamic WF change. Along this classification we present important criteria for the correct adaptation of running workflows and analyze how actual approaches satisfy them. Furthermore, we provide a detailed comparison of these approaches and sketch important further issues related to dynamic change. textcopyright 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： 动态适应正在进行的工作流（WF）的能力是任何工作流管理系统（WfMS）的基本要求。 WF社区很早就意识到了这一事实，到目前为止，在自适应工作流领域已经开发出了不同的方法。这项调查系统地对这些方法进行了分类，并讨论了与动态WF变化相关的典型问题的优势和局限性。通过这种分类，我们提出了正确调整正在运行的工作流程的重要标准，并分析了实际方法如何满足它们。此外，我们对这些方法进行了详细的比较，并概述了与动态变化有关的其他重要问题。 textcopyright 2004 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.datak.2004.01.002]

[18] Discovery and validation of queueing networks in scheduled processes (2015)

(Senderovich, Arik and Weidlich, Matthias and Gal, Avigdor and Mandelbaum, Avishai and Kadish, Sarah and Bunnell, Craig A. | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: Service processes, for example in transportation, telecommunications or the health sector, are the backbone of todays economies. Conceptual models of such service processes enable operational analysis that supports, e.g., resource provisioning or delay prediction. Automatic mining of such operational models becomes feasible in the presence of event-data traces. In this work, we target the mining of models that assume a resource-driven perspective and focus on queueing effects. We propose a solution for the discovery and validation problem of scheduled service processes - processes with a predefined schedule for the execution of activities. Our prime example for such processes are complex outpatient treatments that follow prior appointments. Given a process schedule and data recorded during process execution, we show how to discover Fork/Join networks, a specific class of queueing networks, and how to assess their operational validity. We evaluate our approach with a real-world dataset comprising clinical pathways of outpatient clinics, recorded by a real-time location system (RTLS). We demonstrate the value of the approach by identifying and explaining operational bottlenecks.

摘要： 例如，运输，电信或卫生部门的服务流程是当今经济的骨干。此类服务流程的概念模型能够进行支持例如资源配置或延迟预测的运营分析。自动挖掘此类运营模型成为在存在事件数据痕迹的情况下是可行的。在这项工作中，我们针对模型的挖掘，这些模型假定资源驱动的观点并且关注排队效应。我们提出了一种解决方案，用于发现和验证计划服务流程-预先定义的活动执行时间表我们此类流程的主要示例是在事先预约后进行的复杂门诊治疗。给定流程时间表和流程执行过程中记录的数据，我们将展示如何发现Fork / Join网络（一种特定的排队方式）网络，以及如何评估其运作有效性。我们使用真实数据评估我们的方法包括由实时定位系统（RTLS）记录的门诊诊所的临床路径。我们通过识别和解释操作瓶颈来证明该方法的价值。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-319-19069-3_26]

[19] Dynamic Slicing Techniques for Petri Nets (2008)

(Llorens, M. and Oliver, J. and Silva, J. and Tamarit, S. and Vidal, G. | Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science)

Abstract: Petri nets provide a means for modelling and verifying the behavior of concurrent systems. Program slicing is a well-known technique in imperative programming for extracting those statements of a program that may affect a given program point. In the context of Petri nets, computing a net slice can be seen as a graph reachability problem. In this paper, we propose two slicing techniques for Petri nets that can be useful to reduce the size of the considered net, thereby simplifying subsequent analysis and debugging tasks by standard Petri net techniques. textcopyright 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： Petri网提供了一种建模和验证并发系统行为的方法。程序切片是命令式编程中的一种众所周知的技术，用于提取可能影响给定程序点的程序语句。在Petri网络的背景下，计算网络切片可以看作是图可达性问题。在本文中，我们为Petri网提出了两种切片技术，这些技术可用于减小所考虑的网的大小，从而通过标准Petri网技术简化后续的分析和调试任务。 textcopyright 2008 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.entcs.2008.12.037]

[20] Ensuring correctness during process configuration via partner synthesis (2012)

(Van Der Aalst | Information Systems)

Abstract: Variants of the same process can be encountered within one organization or across different organizations. For example, different municipalities, courts, and rental agencies all need to support highly similar processes. In fact, procurement and sales processes can be found in almost any organization. However, despite these similarities, there is also the need to allow for local variations in a controlled manner. Therefore, many academics and practitioners have advocated the use of configurable process models (sometimes referred to as reference models). A configurable process model describes a family of similar process models in a given domain. Such a model can be configured to obtain a specific process model that is subsequently used to handle individual cases, for instance, to process customer orders. Process configuration is notoriously difficult as there may be all kinds of interdependencies between configuration decisions. In fact, an incorrect configuration may lead to behavioral issues such as deadlocks and livelocks. To address this problem, we present a novel verification approach inspired by the operating guidelines used for partner synthesis. We view the configuration process as an external service, and compute a characterization of all such services which meet particular requirements via the notion of configuration guideline. As a result, we can characterize all feasible configurations (i.e., configurations without behavioral problems) at design time, instead of repeatedly checking each individual configuration while configuring a process model. textcopyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

摘要： 同一过程的变体可以在一个组织内或在不同组织中遇到。例如，不同的市，法院和租赁机构都需要支持高度相似的流程。实际上，几乎任何组织都可以找到采购和销售流程。然而，尽管有这些相似之处，但是也需要以受控的方式允许局部变化。因此，许多学者和实践者都提倡使用可配置的过程模型（有时称为参考模型）。可配置过程模型描述了给定域中的一系列相似过程模型。这样的模型可以配置为获取特定的过程模型，该模型随后用于处理个别情况，例如，处理客户订单。众所周知，流程配置非常困难，因为配置决策之间可能存在各种相互依存关系。实际上，错误的配置可能会导致行为问题，例如死锁和活动锁。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新颖的验证方法，该方法受到合作伙伴综合使用的操作指南的启发。我们将配置过程视为外部服务，并通过配置指南的概念来计算满足特定要求的所有此类服务的特性。结果，我们可以在设计时表征所有可行的配置（即没有行为问题的配置），而不是在配置过程模型时反复检查每个单独的配置。 textcopyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.is.2011.08.004]

[21] Ensuring correctness during process configuration via partner synthesis (2012)

(Van Der Aalst | Information Systems)

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.is.2011.08.004]

[22] Inheritance of behavior (2001)

(Basten, Twan and Van Der Aalst | Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming)

Abstract: One of the key issues of object-oriented modeling and design is inheritance. It allows for the definition of subclasses that inherit features of some superclass. Inheritance is well defined for static properties of classes such as attributes and methods. However, there is no general agreement on the meaning of inheritance when considering the dynamic behavior of objects, captured by their life cycles. This paper studies inheritance of behavior both in a simple process-algebraic setting and in a Petri-net framework. Process algebra is chosen, because it concentrates on behavior, while abstracting from the internal states of processes. The result of the algebraic study is a clear conceptual understanding of inheritance of behavior. It can be expressed in terms of blocking and hiding method calls. The results in the algebraic framework inspire the development of the concept of inheritance of behavior in the Petri-net framework. The Petri-net formalism allows for a graphical representation of life cycles of objects with an explicit representation of object states. In the Petri-net framework, four inheritance rules are defined that can be used to construct life cycles of subclasses from the object life cycles of given (super-)classes. These inheritance rules can be used to structure a design process and they stimulate the reuse of life-cycle specifications. It turns out that the combination of blocking and hiding method calls captures a number of important operators for constructing life cycles of subclasses from life cycles of superclasses, namely choice, sequential composition, parallel composition, and iteration. A small case study validates our approach to inheritance of behavior. textcopyright 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.

摘要： 面向对象建模和设计的关键问题之一是继承。它允许定义继承某些超类功能的子类。对于类的静态属性（例如属性和方法），很好地定义了继承。但是，在考虑对象的生命周期所捕获的动态行为时，关于继承的含义尚无普遍共识。本文研究在简单的过程代数环境和Petri-net框架中行为的继承。选择过程代数是因为它专注于行为，同时从过程的内部状态抽象出来。代数研究的结果是对行为继承的清晰概念理解。可以用阻塞和隐藏方法调用来表示。代数框架中的结果激发了Petri-net框架中行为继承概念的发展。 Petri网形式主义允许以对象状态的显式表示形式来图形表示对象的生命周期。在Petri-net框架中，定义了四个继承规则，这些规则可用于从给定（超）类的对象生命周期构造子类的生命周期。这些继承规则可用于构建设计过程，并刺激生命周期规范的重用。事实证明，阻塞和隐藏方法调用的组合捕获了许多重要的运算符，这些运算符从超类的生命周期构建子类的生命周期，即选择，顺序组合，并行组合和迭代。一个小案例研究验证了我们对行为继承的方法。 textcopyright 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/S1567-8326(00)00004-7]

[23] Mining resource scheduling protocols (2014)

(Senderovich, Arik and Weidlich, Matthias and Gal, Avigdor and Mandelbaum, Avishai | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: In service processes, as found in the telecommunications, financial, or healthcare sector, customers compete for the scarce capacity of service providers. For such processes, performance analysis is important and it often targets the time that customers are delayed prior to service. However, this wait time cannot be fully explained by the load imposed on service providers. Indeed, it also depends on resource scheduling protocols, which determine the order of activities that a service provider decides to follow when serving customers. This work focuses on automatically learning resource decisions from events. We hypothesize that queueing information serves as an essential element in mining such protocols and hence, we utilize the queueing perspective of customers in the mining process. We propose two types of mining techniques: advanced classification methods from data mining that include queueing information in their explanatory features and heuristics that originate in queueing theory. Empirical evaluation shows that incorporating the queueing perspective into mining of scheduling protocols improves predictive power. textcopyright 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

摘要： 在电信，金融或医疗保健领域的服务过程中，客户争夺服务提供商的稀缺能力。对于此类流程，性能分析很重要，并且通常以客户延迟服务之前的时间为目标。但是，此等待时间不能完全由服务提供商的负担来解释。实际上，它还取决于资源调度协议，该协议确定服务提供商在服务客户时决定遵循的活动顺序。这项工作着重于从事件中自动学习资源决策。我们假设排队信息是挖掘此类协议的基本要素，因此，我们在挖掘过程中利用了客户的排队视角。我们提出两种类型的挖掘技术：来自数据挖掘的高级分类方法，该方法包括按其解释特征进行排队的信息以及源自排队论的启发式方法。实证评估表明，将排队观点纳入调度协议的挖掘可以提高预测能力。 textcopyright 2014年Springer国际出版瑞士。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-319-10172-9_13]

[24] On measuring process model similarity based on high-level change operations (2008)

(Li, Chen and Reichert, Manfred and Wombacher, Andreas | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: For various applications there is the need to compare the similarity between two process models. For example, given the as-is and to-be models of a particular business process, we would like to know how much they differ from each other and how we can efficiently transform the as-is to the to-be model; or given a running process instance and its original process schema, we might be interested in the deviations between them (e.g. due to ad-hoc changes at instance level). Respective considerations can be useful, for example, to minimize the efforts for propagating the schema changes to other process instances as well. All these scenarios require a method to measure the similarity or distance between two process models based on the efforts for transforming the one into the other. In this paper, we provide an approach using digital logic to evaluate the distance and similarity between two process models based on high-level change operations (e.g. to add, delete or move activities). In this way, we can not only guarantee that model transformation results in a sound process model, but also ensure that related efforts are minimized. textcopyright 2008 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

摘要： 对于各种应用程序，需要比较两个过程模型之间的相似性。例如，给定特定业务流程的现状模型和未来模型，我们想知道它们彼此之间有多少差异，以及我们如何有效地将现状转化为未来模型。或给定正在运行的流程实例及其原始流程架构，我们可能会对它们之间的差异感兴趣（例如，由于实例级别的临时更改）。各个方面的考虑也可能很有用，例如，最大程度地减少将模式更改传播到其他流程实例的工作。所有这些场景都需要一种方法，该方法基于将一个过程模型转换为另一个过程的努力来度量两个过程模型之间的相似性或距离。在本文中，我们提供了一种基于高层变更操作（例如添加，删除或移动活动）的使用数字逻辑评估两种流程模型之间的距离和相似性的方法。通过这种方式，我们不仅可以保证模型转换可以形成合理的过程模型，而且可以确保最大程度地减少相关工作。 textcopyright 2008年施普林格柏林海德堡。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-540-87877-3-19]

[25] On profiles and footprints - Relational semantics for Petri nets (2012)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Van Der Werf | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: Petri net systems have been successfully applied for modelling business processes and analysing their behavioural properties. In this domain, analysis techniques that are grounded on behavioural relations defined between pairs of transitions emerged recently. However, different use cases motivated different definitions of behavioural relation sets. This paper focusses on two prominent examples, namely behavioural profiles and behavioural footprints. We show that both represent different ends of a spectrum of relation sets for Petri net systems, each inducing a different equivalence class. As such, we provide a generalisation of the known relation sets. We illustrate that different relation sets complement each other for general systems, but form an abstraction hierarchy for distinguished net classes. For these net classes, namely S-WF-systems and sound free-choice WF-systems, we also prove a close relation between the structure and the relational semantics. Finally, we discuss implications of our results for the field of business process modelling and analysis. textcopyright 2012 Springer-Verlag.

摘要： Petri网系统已成功应用于建模业务流程并分析其行为特性。在此领域中，最近出现了基于转换对之间定义的行为关系的分析技术。但是，不同的用例激发了行为关系集的不同定义。本文着重于两个突出的例子，即行为特征和行为足迹。我们表明，它们都代表Petri网系统的关系集范围的不同端，每个都引发了不同的等价类。这样，我们提供了已知关系集的概括。我们说明了不同的关系集在通用系统中可以互相补充，但对于可区分的网络类则形成了一个抽象层次结构。对于这些网络类，即S-WF系统和声音自由选择WF系统，我们还证明了结构和关系语义之间的密切关系。最后，我们讨论了结果对业务流程建模和分析领域的意义。 textcopyright 2012 Springer-Verlag。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-642-31131-4_9]

[26] Optimising Complex Event Queries over Business Processes Using Behavioural Profiles (2010)

(Matthias Weidlich and Ziekow, Holger and Mendling, Jan | Business Process Management Workshops)

Abstract: Complex event processing emerged as a technology that promises tight integration of business process management with the flow of products in a supply chain. As part of that, complex event querying is used to monitor and analyse streams of events. The amount of data that needs to be processed along with the distribution of the event-emitting sources impose serious challenges for efficient event querying mechanisms. In this paper, we assume that the business process to which the events relate is defined in terms of a normative process model. Based thereon, we show how this knowledge can be leveraged to optimise complex event queries and their processing. To this end, we use the formal concept of behavioural profiles as a behavioural abstraction of the process model.

摘要： 复杂事件处理作为一种技术而出现，该技术有望将业务流程管理与供应链中的产品流紧密集成。作为其一部分，复杂事件查询用于监视和分析事件流。需要处理的数据量以及事件发出源的分布对有效的事件查询机制提出了严峻的挑战。在本文中，我们假设与事件相关的业务流程是根据规范流程模型定义的。基于此，我们展示了如何利用此知识来优化复杂事件查询及其处理。为此，我们将行为概况的形式概念用作过程模型的行为抽象。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | []

[27] Optimising complex event queries over business processes using behavioural profiles (2011)

(Matthias Weidlich and Ziekow, Holger and Mendling, Jan and Weidlich, Matthias and Ziekow, Holger and Mendling, Jan | Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing)

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-642-20511-8_67]

[28] Optimising complex event queries over business processes using behavioural profiles (2011)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Ziekow, Holger and Mendling, Jan | Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing)

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-642-20511-8_67]

[29] Perceived consistency between process models (2012)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan | Information Systems)

Abstract: Process-aware information systems typically involve various kinds of process stakeholders. That, in turn, leads to multiple process models that capture a common process from different perspectives and at different levels of abstraction. In order to guarantee a certain degree of uniformity, the consistency of such related process models is evaluated using formal criteria. However, it is unclear how modelling experts assess the consistency between process models, and which kind of notion they perceive to be appropriate. In this paper, we focus on control flow aspects and investigate the adequacy of consistency notions. In particular, we report findings from an online experiment, which allows us to compare in how far trace equivalence and two notions based on behavioural profiles approximate expert perceptions on consistency. Analysing 69 expert statements from process analysts, we conclude that trace equivalence is not suited to be applied as a consistency notion, whereas the notions based on behavioural profiles approximate the perceived consistency of our subjects significantly. Therefore, our contribution is an empirically founded answer to the correlation of behaviour consistency notions and the consistency perception by experts in the field of business process modelling. textcopyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

摘要： 过程感知信息系统通常涉及各种过程涉众。反过来，这导致了多个过程模型，这些模型从不同的角度和不同的抽象级别捕获了一个通用过程。为了保证一定程度的一致性，使用正式标准评估了此类相关过程模型的一致性。但是，目前尚不清楚建模专家如何评估流程模型之间的一致性，以及他们认为哪种概念合适。在本文中，我们关注控制流方面，并研究一致性概念的充分性。特别是，我们报告了在线实验的发现，这使我们能够比较等效行为和基于行为特征的两个概念在多大程度上近似专家对一致性的看法。分析来自过程分析人员的69条专家声明，我们得出结论，痕量对等不适合用作一致性概念，而基于行为概貌的概念则极大地近似了我们受试者的感知一致性。因此，我们的贡献是根据经验建立的对行为一致性概念与业务流程建模领域专家的一致性感知的相关性的回答。 textcopyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.is.2010.12.004]

[30] Preface: 9th International workshop on business process intelligence (BPI 2013) (2014)

(van der Aalst, Wil and de Medeiros, Ana Karla Alves and Benatallah, Boualem and Gaaloul, Walid and Greco, Gianluigi and Grigori, Daniela and Guzzo, Antonella and Leyer, Michael and Mendling, Jan and Pastor, Oscar and Popova, Viara and Reichert, Manfred and Rosemann, Michael and Rozinat, Anne and Sacca, Domenico and Soffer, Phina and Sperduti, Alessandro and Weigand, Hans and Weske, Mathias | Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing)

Abstract: Compliance specifications concisely describe selected aspects of what a business operation should adhere to. To enable automated techniques for compliance checking, it is important that these requirements are specified correctly and precisely, describing exactly the behavior intended. Although there are rigorous mathematical formalisms for representing compliance rules, these are often perceived to be difficult to use for business users. Regardless of notation, however, there are often subtle but important details in compliance requirements that need to be considered. The main challenge in compliance checking is to bridge the gap between informal description and a precise specification of all requirements. In this paper, we present an approach which aims to facilitate creating and understanding formal compliance requirements by providing configurable templates that capture these details as options for commonly-required compliance requirements. These options are configured interactively with end-users, using question trees and natural language. The approach is implemented in the Process Mining Toolkit ProM. textcopyright Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014.

摘要： 合规性规范简要描述了业务运营应遵循的某些方面。为了启用用于合规性检查的自动化技术，正确，准确地指定这些要求并准确描述预期的行为非常重要。尽管存在严格的数学形式主义来表示合规性规则，但通常认为这些规则对商业用户而言很难使用。但是，无论使用什么符号，合规要求中通常都需要考虑一些细微但重要的细节。符合性检查的主要挑战是弥合非正式描述与所有要求的精确规范之间的鸿沟。在本文中，我们提出一种方法，旨在通过提供可配置的模板来促进创建和理解正式的合规性要求，该模板将这些详细信息捕获为常见要求的合规性要求的选项。这些选项是使用问题树和自然语言与最终用户交互配置的。该方法在Process Mining Toolkit ProM中实现。 textcopyright瑞士Springer国际出版社，2014年。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-319-06257-0]

[31] Preserving correctness during business process model configuration (2010)

(Van Der Aalst | Formal Aspects of Computing)

Abstract: A configurable process model captures a family of related process models in a single artifact. Such models are intended to be configured to fit the requirements of specific organizations or projects, leading to individualized process models that are subsequently used for domain analysis or solution design. This article proposes a formal foundation for individualizing configurable process models incrementally, while preserving correctness, both with respect to syntax and behavioral semantics. Specifically, assuming the configurable process model is behaviorally sound, the individualized process models are guaranteed to be sound. The theory is first developed in the context of Petri nets and then extended to a process modeling notation widely used in practice, namely Event-driven Process Chains.

摘要： 可配置的流程模型在单个工件中捕获了一系列相关的流程模型。此类模型旨在进行配置以满足特定组织或项目的要求，从而生成个性化的流程模型，随后将其用于领域分析或解决方案设计。本文提供了一个正式的基础，用于在保留语法和行为语义方面的正确性的同时，逐步个性化可配置过程模型。具体而言，假设可配置过程模型在行为上是合理的，则可以保证个性化的过程模型是合理的。该理论首先在Petri网络的背景下发展，然后扩展到实践中广泛使用的过程建模符号，即事件驱动的过程链。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/s00165-009-0112-0]

[32] Process compliance analysis based on behavioural profiles (2011)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Polyvyanyy, Artem and Desai, Nirmit and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias | Information Systems)

Abstract: Process compliance measurement is getting increasing attention in companies due to stricter legal requirements and market pressure for operational excellence. In order to judge on compliance of the business processing, the degree of behavioural deviation of a case, i.e., an observed execution sequence, is quantified with respect to a process model (referred to as fitness, or recall). Recently, different compliance measures have been proposed. Still, nearly all of them are grounded on state-based techniques and the trace equivalence criterion, in particular. As a consequence, these approaches have to deal with the state explosion problem. In this paper, we argue that a behavioural abstraction may be leveraged to measure the compliance of a process log a collection of cases. To this end, we utilise causal behavioural profiles that capture the behavioural characteristics of process models and cases, and can be computed efficiently. We propose different compliance measures based on these profiles, discuss the impact of noise in process logs on our measures, and show how diagnostic information on non-compliance is derived. As a validation, we report on findings of applying our approach in a case study with an international service provider. textcopyright 2011 Elsevier B.V.

摘要： 由于更严格的法律要求和追求卓越运营的市场压力，过程合规性度量越来越受到公司的关注。为了判断业务处理的合规性，相对于过程模型（称为适用性或召回性），量化案例的行为偏差程度，即观察到的执行顺序。最近，已经提出了不同的合规措施。尽管如此，几乎所有这些方法都特别基于基于状态的技术以及痕量等效标准。结果，这些方法必须处理状态爆炸问题。在本文中，我们认为行为抽象可以用来衡量过程日志的合规性。为此，我们利用因果行为特征来捕获流程模型和案例的行为特征，并且可以有效地进行计算。我们根据这些配置文件提出不同的合规性措施，讨论过程日志中的噪声对我们的措施的影响，并说明如何得出有关不合规性的诊断信息。作为验证，我们报告了在与国际服务提供商的案例研究中应用我们的方法的发现。 textcopyright 2011 Elsevier B.V.

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.is.2011.04.002]

[33] Program & Abstracts (2005)

(Tietjen, G E and Khubchandani, J and Herial, N and Shah, K | Nippon Laser Igakkaishi)

Abstract: Several abstracts from the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society held in June 2011 in Washington, D.C. are presented, including acetaminophen in the treatment of headache, molecular imaging of chronic migraine, and basal ganglia in episodic migraine.

摘要： 提供了2011年6月在华盛顿特区举行的第53届美国头痛学会年度科学会议的摘要，包括对乙酰氨基酚治疗头痛，慢性偏头痛的分子影像学以及偶发性偏头痛的基底神经节。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.2530/jslsm.26.73]

[34] Propagating changes between aligned process models (2012)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias | Journal of Systems and Software)

Abstract: There is a wide variety of drivers for business process modelling initiatives, reaching from organisational redesign to the development of information systems. Consequently, a common business process is often captured in multiple models that overlap in content due to serving different purposes. Business process management aims at flexible adaptation to changing business needs. Hence, changes of business processes occur frequently and have to be incorporated in the respective process models. Once a process model is changed, related process models have to be updated accordingly, despite the fact that those process models may only be loosely coupled. In this article, we introduce an approach that supports change propagation between related process models. Given a change in one process model, we leverage the behavioural abstraction of behavioural profiles for corresponding activities in order to determine a change region in another model. Our approach is able to cope with changes in pairs of models that are not related by hierarchical refinement and show behavioural inconsistencies. We evaluate the applicability of our approach with two real-world process model collections. To this end, we either deduce change operations from different model revisions or rely on synthetic change operations. textcopyright 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

摘要： 从组织重新设计到信息系统的开发，业务流程建模计划有多种驱动力。因此，由于服务目的不同，通常会在内容重叠的多个模型中捕获通用的业务流程。业务流程管理旨在灵活地适应不断变化的业务需求。因此，业务流程的更改经常发生，必须将其合并到相应的流程模型中。一旦更改了流程模型，尽管这些流程模型可能只是松散耦合的，但相关流程模型也必须相应地更新。在本文中，我们介绍一种支持相关过程模型之间的更改传播的方法。给定一个流程模型中的某个更改，我们将针对相应活动使用行为配置文件的行为抽象，以便确定另一个模型中的更改区域。我们的方法能够应对成对的模型变化，这些模型变化与分层改进无关，并且显示出行为不一致。我们通过两个真实的过程模型集合来评估我们的方法的适用性。为此，我们要么从不同的模型修订中推断出变更操作，要么依靠综合变更操作。 textcopyright 2012 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.044]

[35] Quality dimensions in process discovery: The importance of fitness, precision, generalization and simplicity (2014)

(Buijs, J. C.A.M. and Van Dongen | International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems)

Abstract: Process discovery algorithms typically aim at discovering process models from event logs that best describe the recorded behavior. Often, the quality of a process discovery algorithm is measured by quantifying to what extent the resulting model can reproduce the behavior in the log, i.e. replay fitness. At the same time, there are other measures that compare a model with recorded behavior in terms of the precision of the model and the extent to which the model generalizes the behavior in the log. Furthermore, many measures exist to express the complexity of a model irrespective of the log. In this paper, we first discuss several quality dimensions related to process discovery. We further show that existing process discovery algorithms typically consider at most two out of the four main quality dimensions: replay fitness, precision, generalization and simplicity. Moreover, existing approaches cannot steer the discovery process based on user-defined weights for the four quality dimensions. This paper presents the ETM algorithm which allows the user to seamlessly steer the discovery process based on preferences with respect to the four quality dimensions. We show that all dimensions are important for process discovery. However, it only makes sense to consider precision, generalization and simplicity if the replay fitness is acceptable. textcopyright 2014 World Scientific Publishing Company.

摘要： 过程发现算法通常旨在从事件日志中发现最能描述所记录行为的过程模型。通常，通过量化所得到的模型可以在多大程度上重现日志中的行为，即重放适应度，来测量过程发现算法的质量。同时，还有其他措施可以将模型与记录的行为进行比较，包括模型的精度以及模型在日志中概括行为的程度。此外，存在许多度量来表达模型的复杂性，而与对数无关。在本文中，我们首先讨论与过程发现相关的几个质量维度。我们进一步证明，现有的过程发现算法通常最多考虑以下四个主要质量维度中的两个：重放适应性，精度，泛化性和简单性。此外，现有方法无法基于用户定义的权重来指导四个质量维度的发现过程。本文提出了一种ETM算法，该算法允许用户基于相对于四个质量维度的偏好来无缝地引导发现过程。我们表明，所有维度对于流程发现都很重要。但是，只有重播适用性可以接受时，才需要考虑精度，概括性和简单性。 textcopyright 2014年世界科学出版公司。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1142/S0218843014400012]

[36] Querying process models by behavior inclusion (2015)

(Kunze, Matthias and Weidlich, Matthias and Weske, Mathias | Software and Systems Modeling)

Abstract: Business processes are vital to managing organizations as they sustain a companys competitiveness. Consequently, these organizations maintain collections of hundreds or thousands of process models for streamlining working procedures and facilitating process implementation. Yet, the management of large process model collections requires effective searching capabilities. Recent research focused on similarity search of process models, but querying process models is still a largely open topic. This article presents an approach to querying process models that takes a process example as input and discovers all models that allow replaying the behavior of the query. To this end, we provide a notion of behavioral inclusion that is based on trace semantics and abstraction. Additional to deciding a match, a closeness score is provided that describes how well the behavior of the query is represented in the model and can be used for ranking. The article introduces the formal foundations of the approach and shows how they are applied to querying large process model collections. An experimental evaluation has been conducted that confirms the suitability of the solution as well as its applicability and scalability in practice.

摘要： 业务流程对于管理组织至关重要，因为它们可以维持公司的竞争力。因此，这些组织维护着数百或数千个流程模型的集合，以简化工作流程并促进流程的实施。但是，大型流程模型集合的管理需要有效的搜索最近的研究集中在过程模型的相似性搜索上，但是查询过程模型仍然是一个很大的话题，本文提出了一种查询过程模型的方法，该方法以一个过程示例作为输入并发现所有允许重播模型行为的模型。为此，我们提供了基于跟踪语义和抽象的行为包含概念，除了确定匹配项之外，还提供了一个接近度得分，该得分描述了查询行为在模型中的表现程度以及用于排名的文章介绍了a的正式基础pproach并展示了它们如何应用于查询大型流程模型集合。已经进行了实验评估，确认了该解决方案的适用性以及在实践中的适用性和可扩展性。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/s10270-013-0389-6]

[37] Querying process models by behavior inclusion (2015)

(Kunze, Matthias and Weidlich, Matthias and Weske, Mathias | Software and Systems Modeling)

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/s10270-013-0389-6]

[38] Queue mining - Predicting delays in service processes (2014)

Abstract: Information systems have been widely adopted to support service processes in various domains, e.g., in the telecommunication, finance, and health sectors. Recently, work on process mining showed how management of these processes, and engineering of supporting systems, can be guided by models extracted from the event logs that are recorded during process operation. In this work, we establish a queueing perspective in operational process mining. We propose to consider queues as first-class citizens and use queueing theory as a basis for queue mining techniques. To demonstrate the value of queue mining, we revisit the specific operational problem of online delay prediction: using event data, we show that queue mining yields accurate online predictions of case delay. textcopyright 2014 Springer International Publishing.

摘要： 信息系统已被广泛采用，以支持电信，金融和卫生部门等各个领域的服务流程。最近，有关流程挖掘的工作表明，如何通过从在流程操作期间记录的事件日志中提取的模型来指导这些流程的管理以及支持系统的工程设计。在这项工作中，我们建立了操作流程挖掘中的排队视角。我们建议将队列视为一等公民，并使用排队论作为队列挖掘技术的基础。为了演示队列挖掘的价值，我们重新审视了在线延迟预测的特定操作问题：使用事件数据，我们证明了队列挖掘可产生准确的案例延迟在线预测。 textcopyright 2014年Springer国际出版。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-319-07881-6_4]

[39] Similarity of business process models: Metrics and evaluation (2011)

(Dijkman, Remco and Dumas, Marlon and Van Dongen | Information Systems)

Abstract: It is common for large organizations to maintain repositories of business process models in order to document and to continuously improve their operations. Given such a repository, this paper deals with the problem of retrieving those models in the repository that most closely resemble a given process model or fragment thereof. Up to now, there is a notable research gap on comparing different approaches to this problem and on evaluating them in the same setting. Therefore, this paper presents three similarity metrics that can be used to answer queries on process repositories: (i) node matching similarity that compares the labels and attributes attached to process model elements; (ii) structural similarity that compares element labels as well as the topology of process models; and (iii) behavioral similarity that compares element labels as well as causal relations captured in the process model. These metrics are experimentally evaluated in terms of precision and recall. The results show that all three metrics yield comparable results, with structural similarity slightly outperforming the other two metrics. Also, all three metrics outperform text-based search engines when it comes to searching through a repository for similar business process models. textcopyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： 对于大型组织来说，维护业务流程模型的存储库以记录和持续改进其运营是很常见的。给定这样一个存储库，本文将解决在存储库中检索最类似于给定流程模型或其片段的那些模型的问题。到目前为止，在比较解决此问题的不同方法并在相同环境下进行评估方面，存在明显的研究差距。因此，本文提出了三个相似性指标，可用于回答过程存储库中的查询：（i）节点匹配相似性，用于比较附加到过程模型元素的标签和属性；（ii）比较元素标签和过程模型拓扑的结构相似性；（iii）行为相似性，用于比较元素标签以及过程模型中捕获的因果关系。这些指标是根据准确性和召回率进行实验评估的。结果表明，所有三个指标均产生可比较的结果，结构相似性略好于其他两个指标。此外，在通过存储库搜索相似的业务流程模型时，这三个指标均优于基于文本的搜索引擎。 textcopyright 2010 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.is.2010.09.006]

[40] The 4C spectrum of fundamental behavioral relations for concurrent systems (2014)

(Polyvyanyy, Artem and Weidlich, Matthias and Conforti, Raffaele and La Rosa | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics))

Abstract: The design of concurrent software systems, in particular process-aware information systems, involves behavioral modeling at various stages. Recently, approaches to behavioral analysis of such systems have been based on declarative abstractions defined as sets of behavioral relations. However, these relations are typically defined in an ad-hoc manner. In this paper, we address the lack of a systematic exploration of the fundamental relations that can be used to capture the behavior of concurrent systems, i.e., co-occurrence, conflict, causality, and concurrency. Besides the definition of the spectrum of behavioral relations, which we refer to as the 4C spectrum, we also show that our relations give rise to implication lattices. We further provide operationalizations of the proposed relations, starting by proposing techniques for computing relations in unlabeled systems, which are then lifted to become applicable in the context of labeled systems, i.e., systems in which state transitions have semantic annotations. Finally, we report on experimental results on efficiency of the proposed computations. textcopyright 2014 Springer International Publishing.

摘要： 并发软件系统的设计，特别是过程感知信息系统，涉及各个阶段的行为建模。最近，这种系统的行为分析方法已经基于定义为行为关系集的声明性抽象。但是，这些关系通常以临时方式定义。在本文中，我们解决了缺乏对可用于捕获并发系统行为（即共现，冲突，因果关系和并发）的基本关系的系统探索的问题。除了定义行为关系的频谱（我们称为4C频谱）之外，我们还表明，我们的关系产生了蕴涵格。我们从提议的用于在未标记的系统中计算关系的技术开始，进一步提供所建议的关系的可操作性，然后将其提升为可在标记的系统的上下文中应用，即状态转换具有语义注释的系统。最后，我们报告了所提出计算效率的实验结果。 textcopyright 2014年Springer国际出版。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-319-07734-5_12]

[41] Traveling time prediction in scheduled transportation with journey segments (2017)

(Gal, Avigdor and Mandelbaum, Avishai and Schnitzler, Franccois and Senderovich, Arik and Weidlich, Matthias | Information Systems)

Abstract: Urban mobility impacts urban life to a great extent. To enhance urban mobility, much research was invested in traveling time prediction: given an origin and destination, provide a passenger with an accurate estimation of how long a journey lasts. In this work, we investigate a novel combination of methods from Queueing Theory and Machine Learning in the prediction process. We propose a prediction engine that, given a scheduled bus journey (route) and a ‘source/destination pair, provides an estimate for the traveling time, while considering both historical data and real-time streams of information that are transmitted by buses. We propose a model that uses natural segmentation of the data according to bus stops and a set of predictors, some use learning while others are learning-free, to compute traveling time. Our empirical evaluation, using bus data that comes from the bus network in the city of Dublin, demonstrates that the snapshot principle, taken from Queueing Theory, works well yet suffers from outliers. To overcome the outliers problem, we use Machine Learning techniques as a regulator that assists in identifying outliers and propose prediction based on historical data.

摘要： 城市机动性在很大程度上影响着城市生活。为提高城市机动性，对出行时间的预测进行了大量研究：给定起点和终点，为乘客提供一段旅程持续时间的准确估计。在这项工作中，我们研究了在排队过程中将排队论和机器学习方法相结合的新颖方法，并提出了一种预测引擎，该引擎给出了预定的公交路线（路线）和源/终点对，从而提供了行驶时间的估算值，在考虑历史数据和公共汽车传输的实时信息流的同时，我们提出了一种模型，该模型根据公共汽车站和一组预测变量使用数据的自然分段，其中一些使用学习方法，而另一些则无需学习，从而我们使用来自都柏林市的公交网络的公交数据进行的实证评估表明，基于排队论的快照原理可以很好地解决问题。我还遭受了离群值的困扰。为了克服离群值问题，我们使用机器学习技术作为调节器，以帮助识别离群值并根据历史数据提出预测。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1016/j.is.2015.12.001]

[42] Vertical alignment of process models - How can we get there? (2009)

(Weidlich, Matthias and Barros, Alistair and Mendling, Jan and Weske, Mathias | Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing)

Abstract: There is a wide variety of drivers for business process modelling initiatives, reaching from business evolution and process optimisation over compliance checking and process certification to process enactment. That, in turn, results in models that differ in content due to serving different purposes. In particular, processes are modelled on different abstraction levels and assume different perspectives. Vertical alignment of process models aims at handling these deviations. While the advantages of such an alignment for inter-model analysis and change propagation are out of question, a number of challenges has still to be addressed. In this paper, we discuss three main challenges for vertical alignment in detail. Against this background, the potential application of techniques from the field of process integration is critically assessed. Based thereon, we identify specific research questions that guide the design of a framework for model alignment. textcopyright 2009 Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

摘要： 业务流程建模计划有多种驱动力，从业务发展和流程优化到合规性检查和流程认证再到流程制定。反过来，由于服务目的不同，导致模型的内容有所不同。特别是，过程是在不同的抽象级别上建模的，并且采用不同的观点。过程模型的垂直对齐旨在处理这些偏差。尽管对于模型间分析和变更传播的这种对齐方式的优点是毋庸置疑的，但仍有许多挑战需要解决。在本文中，我们详细讨论了垂直对齐的三个主要挑战。在此背景下，对工艺集成领域技术的潜在应用进行了严格评估。基于此，我们确定了指导模型对准框架设计的具体研究问题。 textcopyright 2009年施普林格柏林海德堡。

下载地址 | 返回目录 | [10.1007/978-3-642-01862-6_7]

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